Syntax and Grammar

The forward reference of a linguistic expression to a referent introduced only later.

The influence on congruence exerted by a nearby but grammatically irrelevant element.

The omission of linguistically recoverable material.

A grammatical pattern that treats the subject of an intransitive verb as the object of a transitive verb.

The part of an utterance presented as especially informative, contrastive, or responsive to a current question.

The grammatical presentation of how an event unfolds, is bounded, repeated, ongoing, or completed.

The organisation of an utterance according to what is given, new, contrasted, topical, or focused.

Asymmetry between a more neutral base form and a form that is more specific in terms of form or function.

Systematic grouping of central sentence roles based on case, agreement, or word order.

The incremental analysis of a sequence of signs or words by which a syntactic structure is assigned to it.

A grammatical construction that backgrounds or omits the agent and promotes another participant.

An artfully structured, rhythmically and syntactically closed sentence whose parts build toward a final completion.

A linguistically marked relation of having, belonging, control, or enduring association between entities.

The placement of an expression outside the regular sentence structure, often for the purpose of providing further clarification.

A grammatical system indicating whether consecutive clauses have the same or a different subject.

Grammatical agreement with intended meaning rather than the visible form of the controlling expression.

A temporary misinterpretation of a sentence that must be corrected as one continues reading.

The semantic or grammatical role of the entity acting or causing an event.

The lexical or constructional event type expressed as state, activity, accomplishment, achievement, or related temporal pattern.

The interruption or shift of a syntactic construction that has already begun.

The interpretation of an expression through a preceding linguistic antecedent.

A construction in ergative languages that emphasizes the agent and downplays or omits the patient.

A construction in which one shared constituent belongs simultaneously to two syntactic continuations.

A construction that incorporates an additional semantic role as the grammatically central object into the verb structure.

A grammatical category marking nominal forms and their syntactic-semantic relations.

A linguistic formation expressing that someone or something causes or induces an event.

The linking of several—usually unequal—verb or clause units into a continuous chain of events.

A cleft sentence that divides the content of a sentence into a focused copula construction and a relative clause.

The meaningful connectedness that allows a text's statements to be understood as belonging together.

The formal connectedness of a text through reference, recurrence, and linking.

A construction in which an expression in the main clause determines the unstated subject of an infinitive.

A system in which objects are marked differently depending on factors such as definiteness, animacy, or specificity.

The relocation of a syntactic unit to the end of or outside its expected position.

The omission of a repeated predicate element in a coordinate clause.

A temporarily ambiguous sentence whose initially preferred analysis must later be revised.

Formal agreement between related expressions in terms of grammatical features.

A grammatical category marking singular, plural, or other number values.

A hierarchical connection of sentence structures through syntactic subordination.

A verbal mood or sentence form used to command, instruct, request, or urge.

A pronominal distinction indicating whether the addressee is included in ‘we’.

A constraint that prevents certain syntactic dependencies from extending beyond structurally closed domains.

The anticipation of an expression at the left margin to which a pronoun frequently refers back in the following sentence.

A grammatical class of nouns identified through shared agreement patterns.

A system of grammatical classes of nouns that is often made visible through agreement with other parts of speech.

A grammatical element that identifies a unit or semantic class of a noun when counting.

A grammatical system that distinguishes between a prominent third person and other, more distant third persons.

The coordination of independent sentence structures.

A relatively independent sentence inserted into another sentence to comment on or modulate its progression.